HealthTap uses cookies to enhance your site experience and for analytics and advertising purposes. The particular flexibility and thinness of the cymba concha also makes it the best source for Peck onlay grafts to correct bossae and/or increase . Sometimes accurately diagnosing this chronic skin condition can take a while. It is composed of cartilage and makes up the middle third of the vertical plane of the ear. Doctors typically provide answers within 24 hours. Most patients with Herpes zoster oticus have diverse symptoms associated with dysfunction of the 7th and 8th cranial nerves. You may have general anesthesia or local anesthesia with sedation, so you are asleep and pain-free during surgery. The application of a device that uses vibration to stimulate the cymba concha on the external ear can inhibit the production of TNF, IL-1 beta, and IL-6 in healthy individuals, as well as improve . To learn more, please visit our. Pittore B, et al. Seborrheic Keratosis in the Auricle: A Rare Tumor - Chang Eui Hong, Yeejeong Kim, Hyun Seung Choi, Junhui Jeong, 2019 Skip to main content Dr. Anolik says that it could very well be seborrheic dermatitis, a rash that, like acne, tends to occur wherever theres a high concentration of oil glands. Repeat these three times a day. Where does the name Concha come from in Mexico? This fixed the pain immediately. Concha (plural conchas, meaning shell in Spanish) is a typical Mexican sweet bread (pan dulce). This explains why vesicles are classically seen on the auricle in herpes infections of the facial nerve (Ramsay Hunt syndrome type II).[1]. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3146328/, jscimedcentral.com/Otolaryngology/otolaryngology-3-1096.pdf, e-mjm.org/2005/v60n5/Chronic_Sinusitis.pdf, e-mjm.org/2010/v65n2/Chronic_Rhinosinusitis.pdf, Nicole Leigh Aaronson, MD, MBA, CPE, FACS, FAAP, Here's Why COVID-19 Impacts Your Ability to Smell, Septorhinoplasty: Everything You Need to Know. If you have a concha bullosa causing other conditions, such as sinus infections or sinusitis, your doctor will also diagnose these conditions and develop an appropriate treatment plan. Your doctor may also use a MRI test to look for concha bullosa. Promptly treat secondary infections with the proper antibiotics. While some of the sounds that enter the ear travel directly to the canal, others reflect off the contours of the pinna first: these enter the ear canal after a very slight delay. [ 2 3] Auricular pseudocyst generally has a unilateral presentation affecting males in the mean age group of 35-40 years. The auricle's functions are to collect sound and transform it into directional and other information. It is commonly observed in the head, neck, trunk, and extremities except the palms and soles. This article is about mammalian anatomy. This Is the Only Hand Cream That Doesnt Inflame My Extraordinarily Dry Skin, 5 Norovirus Symptoms That Can Hit You Really, Really Hard. Its considered safe and has few complications, if any. As the nasal septum is often absent or insufficient in such patients, the auricular concha offers a valid alternative. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Behind the eardrum is the kind kids get (and adults too, but less commonly): that gives . The Use of Auricular Cartilage Grafts in Septorhinoplasty: A Dual-Centre Study of Donor Site Patient-Reported Outcome Measures. I'm not sure if it's a bug bite or a cystic pimple. If someone cut it off, everything would sound quieter. Test your knowledge - and maybe learn something along the way. The vibrations are then transferred to the tiny bones in the middle ear. In healthy subjects, vibrotactile treatment at the cymba concha inhibited TNF by 80%, IL . Customer: it doesn't hurt or anything when I chew or swallow. Have bilateral concha bullosa on left,hypertrophied right inferior turbinate,deviated nasal septum.2 swollen nodes on front nd bck of right ear..why? Marine mammals usually have either reduced auricles or no auricals due to sound travelling differently in water than in air, as well as the fact that auricles would potentially slow them down in the water. This is the American ICD-10-CM version of B49 - other international versions of ICD-10 B49 may differ. Don't be surprised if none of them want the spotl One goose, two geese. The lesions may also be noted on the tragus, antitragus, and concha. No medication or surgery is necessary if you dont have any symptoms. Inferior concha bullosa communicating into the maxillary sinus: Case report. is this cause for concern? I have a small bump in my ear (inside the concha cymba) that is the same colour as my skin. [2] It collects sound by acting as a funnel, amplifying the sound and directing it to the auditory canal. Inflammatory disease involving a concha bullosa (enlarged pneumatized middle nasal turbinate): MR and CT appearance. The major landmarks of the external ear are depicted in Figure 1. The buds might feel like they're about to fall out - they don't. Welcome to my diary of 4.21.19 where I pop this cyst in my concha cavum. Exceptions generally relate to adding the concha cavum height to the concha cymba height. It's not a new concept, but it might give you a refresh. The ear healed without complication. It is usually bisected by the crus helix into the cymba superiorly and cavum inferiorly. Unspecified mycosis. 2014 Dec;59(6):447-60. doi: 10.1016/j.anplas.2014.07.008. Most are not serious, but some, Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. Variations of the individual anatomical parts: antihelix; antitragus; concha; helix; lobe; scapha; tragus; triangular fossa. The conchae are structures made of bone inside of your nose. Concha bullosa types: their relationship with sinusitis, ostiomeatal and frontal recess disease. The inferior turbinates, which are the lowest conchae in your nose. Your septum is the structure that divides your nose in half. For example, the cymba concha is the first choice for reconstruction of the lateral crura because it possesses a curved three-dimensional structure that closely resembles the element to be replaced. Lateral view. I get severe pain in my left ear, and can actually feel something begin to stick out on the lower concha. Its often a symptom of another health problem, such as a sinus infection. Learn how we can help 16 views Reviewed >2 years ago Thank Dr. Susan Rhoads agrees A 18-year-old female asked: They also clean and warm air that youve inhaled so that its ready to go to your lungs for respiration. If you develop redness, increased pain, or any fever, this may be an infection that needs to be drained. and transmitted securely. could also be the reason. An infection in the middle ear can also lead to: pressure or pain in the ear fever balance problems difficulty sleeping Barotrauma Sudden abrupt changes in altitude can cause ear barotrauma. Read More Created for people with ongoing healthcare needs but benefits everyone. This article discusses the types of ear swelling along with potential treatment options. Abnormal Pinna. I get severe pain in my left ear, and can actually feel something begin to stick out on the lower concha. This is a common area for the development of cysts or fatty tumors. Therefore, when the ear cartilage is bent over, the ear has a folded appearance. I am experiencing ear lump or bulge in my ear concha, it is green ish grey. Some people believe that they develop it after septoplasty and turbinate. nothing to do with ear canal or inner ear. Anomalies of the ear include quantitative traits and qualitative features of the entire ear, and of the individual components. Top of outer / external ear (concha area) itchy and wet ? It depends how comfortable you are with strangers fecal matter. turbinates (turbinate bones or nasal conchae) are thin, curved, bony plates that project from the walls of the nasal cavity into the respiratory passageway. The concha part of my ear always looks dirty even when i clean in with a rag and soap everyday. The superior turbinates, which are the highest conchae in your nose, near your brain. during exhalation, they reclaim this heat and moisture. eCollection 2022 Jul. But new. 2018 Feb;38(1):45-50. doi: 10.14639/0392-100X-1182. The Division of Intramural Research (DIR), Community Engagement & Community Health Resources, Finding Reliable Health Information Online, Genetic & Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD), Coverage & Reimbursement of Genetic Tests, Human Malformation Terminology Home Page. Whats Up With Hair Cycling and Should I Try It? Respiration is the process of breathing in and out. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 3).The cavum concha was normal. What is the cause? Epub 2018 Jun 6. Last medically reviewed on August 10, 2017. Copy Citation It is partially divided into a superior portion (cymba) and an inferior portion (cavum) by the crus of the helix. there is a slight pain when i touch it, however it is not red nor inflamed. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Occlusion is a term used to describe any instance in which the skin is physically blocked and unable to shed dead skin normally, leading to a breakout. They help control the airflow into your nose. These hillocks develop into the folds of the auricle and gradually shift upwards and backwards to their final position on the head. It may an epidermal inclusi Dr. Susan Rhoads and another doctor agree. 8 What kind of bread is a Concha made of? The narrow-curved depression between the helix and the antihelix is called the scapha; the antihelix describes a curve around a deep, capacious cavity, the concha, which is partially divided into two parts by the crus or commencement of the helix; the upper part is termed the cymba conch, the lower part the cavum conch. You can have a concha bullosa in your nose throughout your life and never realize it. 2009 Nov-Dec;11(6):378-94. doi: 10.1001/archfacial.2009.91. One moose, two moose. It causes a painful bump to develop on the top rim or helix of the ear or the curved piece of cartilage just inside, known as the antihelix. what is the cause? External auricles are absent in other tetrapod groups such as reptiles, amphibians, and birds. En route accessory auricles (also known as preauricular tags) may be left behind. World J Stem Cells. what is happening?! Video chat with a U.S. board-certified doctor 24/7 in less than one minute for common issues such as: colds and coughs, stomach symptoms, bladder infections, rashes, and more. . See: nasal concha concha auriculae A concavity on the median surface of the auricle of the ear, divided by a ridge into the upper cymba conchae and a lower cavum conchae. (2016). To learn more, please visit our. These conditions can also make you feel like you cant breathe out of your nose very well. (A) Wound of cymba concha with exposed cartilage. For the most part, ear pimples are more annoying than they are worrisome. Get prescriptions or refills through a video chat, if the doctor feels the prescriptions are medically appropriate. Chronic sinusitis can make it harder for you to breathe because your nasal airways are blocked by inflammation. Grouped tiny vesicle and crusted patch in the cymba concha of the right ear. On the earlobe. Its often done during a septoplasty. Epub 2017 Jul 15. 2016 May;64(5):288-91. doi: 10.1007/s00106-016-0126-x. There are different kinds of ear infections located in different parts of the ear: the outside of the ear, the outer ear canal (like swimmer's ear) and the area behind the eardrum. Sometimes this will occur but it need not be a cause for concern. Ago in the concha of my lef outter ear, same pain 1 hr. The pain, though unpleasant, may be no cause for concern and resolve without treatment. By using our website, you consent to our use of cookies. Variation in size (macrotia; microtia; anotia). The septum pellucidum acts as a partition between a portion of the lateral ventricles, forming part of the walls of the anterior region of the lateral ventricles. Using the folded cymba concha graft significantly increased nasal tip projection by 28.9% and columellar-labial angle by 9.7%, improving both aspects postoperatively. 3) Periauricular Pits & Tags. In other cases, it may stem from TMD or a foreign object lodged in the ear. A group of 53 patients suffering from developmental iatrogenic and post-traumatic nasal pathologies were treated surgically by means of conchal grafts. However, when you buy something through our retail links, we may earn an affiliate commission. They may suggest one of the following procedures: Crushing: Your doctor uses tools to squeeze the concha bullosa until they release the air thats inside them. I have a scab looking on my concha on my left ear. 2018 Jul-Aug;11(4):947-948. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2018.06.003. I have this bump on my upper lip, it's painful but not. Concha bullosa of the inferior turbinate: An unusual case of nasal obstruction. The cymba conchal cartilage was harvested from an anterior incision of the ear ( Video ). This will likely be ok that your using Neosporin as well. I recommend you see your primary doc or an ENT specialist. doi: 10.7759/cureus.26547. Further, 2 other cases required revision as one of them had a flap that was oversized, . Sudden onset of sharp throbbing pain 24 hrs. Nordmann M, Veit J, Rotter N, Hoffmann TK, Scheithauer MO. They help moisturize and warm up inhaled air before it goes into your lungs. Get answers from Emergency Medicine Specialists and top U.S. doctors, Our doctors evaluate, diagnose, prescribe, order lab tests, and recommend follow-up care. If it persists or grows and. It is also called the pinna (Latin for "wing" or "fin", plural pinnae), a term that is used more in zoology. The most common symptoms include: The symptoms of concha bullosa can feel like those of sinusitis or a sinus infection. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal In men, the most common site for CNH is the helix, while in women it is more often found on the antihelix. Untreated concha bullosa can cause sinus infections. (1990). The technique described made it possible to restore the anatomically deficient structures with satisfactory aesthetic and reconstructive results. Variation in position (low-set ears; posterior angulation of the ear). One report saw an increase in the incidence of such lesions on the antihelix and . today i popped it & yellowish fluid came out. cleaned w/alcohol & put neosporin on. Common sites include the cymba concha, scaphoid fossa and triangular fossa. Known as: Cymba Conchae, Cymba conchae of auricle. This surgery usually requires general anesthesia. Application of a vibrotactile device to the cymba concha inhibits peripheral blood production of TNF, IL-1, and IL-6 in healthy subjects, and attenuates systemic inflammatory responses in RA patients. What could it be? The surgery may be done through a lighted camera (endoscope) that is placed into the nose. 2021 Jan 6;21(1):25. doi: 10.1186/s12893-020-01020-2. [Autologous composite grafts from the cavum conchae for reconstruction of multilayer nasal defects]. Long-term use and follow-up of irradiated homologous costal cartilage grafts in the nose. By using our website, you consent to our use of cookies. However, if treatment is necessary, surgery is the only option to eliminate the air pocket. The hump columellar strut: a reliable technique for correction of nasal tip underprojection. concha 1 Anatomy Any of various structures, such as the external ear, that resemble a shell in shape. The lesion was lightly desiccated and treated with curettage under local anesthesia and topical antibiotic ointment. mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/mri/home/ovc-20235698#! there is a slight pain when i touch it, however it is not red nor inflamed. Luckily, dealing with ear pimples is relatively straightforward once you know whats causing them. As the nasal septum is often absent or insufficient in such patients, the auricular concha offers a valid alternative.A group of 53 patients suffering from developmental iatrogenic and post-traumatic nasal pathologies . Learn about a septoplasty and what to expect during surgery. 2021 Sep 26;13(9):1293-1306. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i9.1293. Two weeks after discharge, the patient subsequently developed substantial . Given the short description of symptoms, several possibilities come to mind. its always dark. As a result, areas with higher concentrations of oil glands, he explains, are more likely to develop acne: This typically means the T-zone of the face, chest, back, and even the ears.. National Library of Medicine Call your doctor or 911 if you think you may have a medical emergency. Instead, itll look like a pink or red rash with flaking scales. See your doctor for an accurate diagnosis and treatment. It is not feasible to provide a meaningful opinion without additional history, physical examination and may be some tests. Note the windows made with punch incisions through the cartilage. You may notice some pain or discomfort around your sinuses when the middle turbinates get filled with an air pocket. Sudden onset of sharp throbbing pain 24 hrs. 2023 Cond Nast. (2005). The superior portion of the groove forms the concha cymba, the middle portion forms the concha cavum, and the inferior portion forms the intertragus incisura. (2016). towelettes specially designed to clean devices, 8 Causes of Adult Acneand How to Actually Treat It, Heres Whats Causing Acne on Every Part of Your Face, How to Treat Closed Comedones, the Acne You Didnt Know You Had. Nothing to do with ear canal or inner ear. Chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis is an inflammatory skin condition that affects the ear. That restrained exit of the contents [of the pore] can build up, creating papules and cysts. He adds that having excess earwax can actually have the same occluding effect and contributing to acne as well. Even if youre a chronic earbud user, dont assume that that bump in your ear is acne. On the cartilage. In the middle of the auricle is a hollow depression, called the concha. This surgery may require local or general anesthesia. Where is the cymba Conchae located? One case had a wound infection that was treated with intravenous antibiotics. 2007;60(2):152-62. doi: 10.1016/j.bjps.2006.06.015. The distinction between the two is clear (now). Fenestration of exposed cartilage can prevent desiccation of cartilage and speed healing. The two hemispheres in your brain are connected by a thick bundle of nerve fibres called the corpus callosum that ensures both sides of the brain can communicate and send signals to each other. If your symptoms affect your quality of life, your doctor may suggest an imaging test so that they can view and diagnose a possible concha bullosa. Herpes zoster oticus (HZO) is a viral infection of the ear. Read More Created for people with ongoing healthcare needs but benefits everyone. Keep an eye on your earwax.As mentioned earlier, regular old earwax can have an occlusive effect if its left to accumulate. The ear healed without complication. Hi I have this bump on my upper lip, it's painful but not itchy. If you have a runny nose, there are treatments and remedies you can try at home that don't involve medications. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. (2010). They help keep inhaled air from going directly into your sinuses. Most of these surgeries are covered by many insurance plans. The former helps remove dead skin and oil from the skins surface, while the latter reduces inflammation and prevents skin cells from sticking together to clog pores. This procedure can improve breathing, snoring, and other complications. Empty nose syndrome isn't formerly recognized by the medical community. Earlobes are made up of fleshy tissue, primarily a combination of collagen and fat. HNO. Some describe the noise as a popping noise, others refer to it as a sinus infection clicking sound that emanates from the nose, jaw, ear, or cheek area. This is where the concha gets its name, since concha means shell in Spanish. pressure or pain around your sinuses and the area around your eyes, feeling like you cant get enough air in or out of your nose, feeling that something is in the way inside your nostrils. Many people with agenesis of the corpus callosum lead healthy lives. Ann Chir Plast Esthet. They help control the airflow into your nose. The condition can involve the antihelix, cymba concha, scaphoid, and triangular fossa. What are the three functions of the nasal conchae? Clujul Med. What does it mean if they cant find the cavum septum pellucidum in an ultrasound? The main areas to be compared with one another were tragus, cymba conchae, and earlobe (sham) stimulation. Turbinoplasty: Your doctor reshapes the bones and tissue around the concha bullosa to allow air to flow through the concha more easily. It is typically unilateral, located on the sleeping side, but can be bilateral. (2004). But even if they do show up, you can treat them like any other breakout. Four sensory nerves supply the external ear: (1) greater auricular nerve, (2) lesser occipital nerve, (3) auricular branch of the vagus nerve, and (4) auriculotemporal nerve. Heat rash. FOIA A septoplasty also involves cutting into the nasal cavity to correct a deviated septum. Trial registrations An official website of the United States government. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. DOI: Lidov M, et al. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. Ad Choices, Heres What It Means When You Get a Pimple in Your Ear, The 20 Best Pillows to Support Your Aching Neck, The Best Things to Read and Watch When You're Grieving, Just Some Fun Sex Toys You and Your Partner Will Love, 13 Hair Products That Combat the Effects of Hard Water. Knowledge of the nerve anatomy is critical in understanding anesthesia of the ear. The association of concha bullosa and deviated nasal septum with chronic rhinosinusitis in functional endoscopic sinus surgery patients. Please note, we cannot prescribe controlled substances, diet pills, antipsychotics, or other abusable medications. Lather the product in your hands, massage it over your ear (do not work the product into your inner ear), let it sit for about 30 seconds, and rinse. The stimulation locations were determined due to anatomical landmarks (e.g., separating the concha into cymba and cavum according to the crus of helix; Figure 1). For example, anyone whos had pimples right along their eyeglasses line has experienced acne due to occlusion. Learn how we can help 433 views Reviewed >2 years ago Thank Dr. Al Hegab and 2 doctors agree For potential or actual medical emergencies, immediately call 911 or your local emergency service. This delay causes phase cancellation, virtually eliminating the frequency component whose wave period is twice the delay period. Triangular Fossa Massage It corresponds with the prostate, impotence, uterus, and insomnia. Because of its small size and virtual immobility, the auricle in humans is less useful in sound gathering and direction finding than it is in many animals.. Your nose is supported by bone (at the back and bridge) and by cartilage (in the front). - Abnormal size, shape, rotation, and/or location. Why Do Cross Country Runners Have Skinny Legs? It is not to be confused with, Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis, "Acoustic characterisation of Calmer technology prototypes", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Auricle_(anatomy)&oldid=1138171247, To pre- and post-auricular nodes, nodes of parotid and cervical chains, Conchal angle is the angle that the back of the, Stahl's deformity, pointed pinna due to an extra fold of cartilage, cupped or constricted ear deformity, a hooded superior helix, This page was last edited on 8 February 2023, at 11:36. Her right ear (Fig. He doesn't seem to be in pain. This can vary in severity and may improve slightly in the first week after birth. If you see swelling and redness on your ear, you need to Hello, the concha in your outer ear is very sensitive to pressure or trauma. Hatipoglu HG, et al. what is it? Lobe (Lobule) For potential or actual medical emergencies, immediately call 911 or your local emergency service. Scab may be from trauma or could be actinic keratosis or basal cell cancer that are common in those areas of sun exposure. Discover new workout ideas, healthy-eating recipes, makeup looks, skin-care advice, the best beauty products and tips, trends, and more from SELF. how do i treat this? Septorhinoplasty is a surgical procedure used to correct a deviated septum. In the cross-over study with 19 healthy subjects, vibrotactile treatment at the cymba concha but not at the gastrocnemius significantly reduced TNF, IL-1, and IL-6 levels compared to pre-treatment baseline (TNF p < 0.05, IL-6 p < 0.01, IL-1 p < 0.001). Whats Causing the Bad Smell in My Nose, and How Do I Cure It? Recent animal studies suggest that blocking IL-18 and IL-12 may be beneficial in the treatment of allergic contact dermatitis. ba sim-b plural cymbae - ()b, -b : the upper part of the concha of the ear Dictionary Entries Near cymba cymarose cymba Cymbalta See More Nearby Entries Cite this Entry Style "Cymba." Merriam-Webster.com Medical Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/cymba. Later on left side of my head near the crown.? I have a small bump in my ear (inside the concha cymba) that is the same colour as my skin. While reflecting from the pinna, sound also goes through a filtering process, as well as frequency dependent amplitude modulation which adds directional information to the sound (see sound localization, vertical sound localization, head-related transfer function, pinna notch). Graft selection remains a problem in nasal reconstruction, where the use of autologous cartilage still provides the best resistance to infection and a low degree of resorption. what animals eat kangaroo paws in the savanna / sir david attenborough ship jobs / sir david attenborough ship jobs The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). In some cases, it can cause itchy raised bumps, sort of like a pimple but not quite. Named ear anomalies (crumpled ear; cryptotia; cupped ear; lop ear; preauricular and auricular pits; preauricular and auricular tags; preauricular ectopias; prominent ear; question mark ear; detachment of ascending helix; satyr ear; shell ear; Stahl ear). If a concha bullosa isnt affecting your ability to breathe normally, you likely dont need to see your doctor. Video chat with a U.S. board-certified doctor 24/7 in a minute. Content on HealthTap (including answers) should not be used for medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment, and interactions on HealthTap do not create a doctor-patient relationship. Cymba conchae Definition The antihelix describes a curve around a deep, capacious cavity, the concha, which is partially divided into two parts by the crus of the helix; the upper part is termed the cymba conch, the lower part the cavity of concha (cavum conch). These can cause you to experience: If left untreated, a sinus infection may become chronic. Can the victims still hear and smell? - Congenital (due to interruption in fetal development) And, with a steady anti-acne hygiene routine, you stand a decent chance of stopping them before they have a chance to occur at all. The term "pseudo" comes from the histopathological finding of a lack of epithelial lining around the cyst. a shell-like structure, especially the external ear. 2017;90(3):294-304. doi: 10.15386/cjmed-709. Concha bullosa happens when one of the conchae, or turbinates, inside your nose becomes filled with a pocket of air. Sereflican M, et al. The site is secure. 2 Architecture The half dome over an apse. Sharp ear pain commonly results from an infection or a temporary change in air pressure or altitude. Non-electrical hearing apparatuses which were designed to protect hearing (particularly that of musicians and others who work in loud environments) which fit snugly in the concha have been studied by the Institute of Sound and Vibration Research (ISVR) at the University of Southampton in the U.K. [3], Due to its anatomy, the pinna largely eliminates a small segment of the frequency spectrum; this band is called the .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}pinna notch. Central nervous system: agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC). Consider removing any newly installed ear jewelry and having the area re-pierced after the ear lobe infection clears up.
Bexar County Jail Property Pick Up Hours,
Jill Russell Kurt Russell Sister,
Articles C
